Anne Frank's dagboek

Voor veel mensen in Nederland, en zelfs de wereld, is het Dagboek van Anne Frank een “bekend” boek. Velen zullen erover gehoord hebben, meer dan het zelf gelezen hebben, of “ze” gelezen hebben, want het gaat eigenlijk om dagboekbrieven. Meervoud dus. Het boek is overigens in 70 talen vertaald.

Ik ben zelf nu boven de 50 – vanaf een bepaalde leeftijd vier ik geen verjaardagen meer of in ieder geval "minder", zoals mijn moeder ook zei - , maar dit moet ik wel even vermelden om de tijdspanne aan te geven van mijn leven.

Ik ben geboren in Nederland, en de laatste ruim 20 jaar woonachtig in Amsterdam. Daarvoor woonde ik ook niet ver van Amsterdam (Nieuw Vennep, NH: rustig, maar saai dorp), dus kwam er weleens, en vaker toen ik in Amsterdam ging studeren, in 1996. Ik was toen inmiddels al de 20 gepasseerd, en woonde naar (denk ik) goed Zuid-Europees gebruik nog wat jaren bij mijn ouders (Italiaanse vader, Spaanse moeder).

Anne Frank’s dagboek was al sinds kind bekend bij mij, het dagboek, de connectie met de Holocaust, het bijbehorende gebouw en museum in Amsterdam. Ik deed in 2000 een afstudeerscriptie bij Greenpeace International, gelegen naast waar Anne Frank schuilde (het Achterhuis), met nog – zei men mij - daarvoor dezelfde kastanjeboom die zij zag. Die afstudeerscriptie was voor de voormalige bibliotheek academie (HBO), nu in naam opleidend tot “informatiespecialist”.

Ik hoorde er ook veel over (school, tv), maar ik moet helaas – wellicht tot mijn schande – erkennen dat ik me niet bewust kan herinneren het dagboek zelf gelezen te hebben, in al die tijd.

BOEKENWURM

Het kan zijn dat ik het ergens in een fanatieke boekenwurmen tijd die ik had na mijn “voetbal tijd” (tot ong. mijn 14e), zo’n decennium had (tot in mijn “20s”), ook “verorberd” had – dan wel deels – maar te midden van veel andere boeken en werken. Ik las toen veel over Afrika en cultuur, wist ik nog, maar ook wereldgeschiedenis. Ik vond “geografie” om een of andere reden intrigerend, en niet zo boeken waar je al zoveel over hoort, zoals enkele romans.

Dit ging allemaal veel verder dan wat van school moest, en thuis waren de meesten niet echt lezers. Het was vooral mijn eigen weg, nadat ik doordat ik een bril moest dragen (vanaf ongeveer mijn 13e) maar stopte met al dat voetballen: niet zonder spijt: de sport vind ik leuk. Ik vond gelukkig lezen en leren ook leuk en werd zelfs lid van de bibliotheek.

Mijn smaak was voorts eigenzinnig, maar wel breed en diep. Ik zocht meestal kennis die wat minder “mainstream” gepromoot werd. Harry Mulisch’s De Aanslag - een relatief bekende en ook verfilmde roman - las ik dan wel, en met plezier, maar dat was dan een van de uitzonderingen die de regel bevestigen, zeg maar. Op TV kwam Mulisch op mij grappig en interessant over, mogelijk daarom. Maar een “groot ego” boek als ‘Ik, Jan Cremer’.. daar kon ik mij niet toe zetten. Mogelijk vonden anderen het goed, maar ieder zijn ding.

Non-fictie begon me gaandeweg meer te trekken – met name over geschiedenis - , en de boekenwurm in mij bleek een intellectueel. Toen las ik wel werken van “bekende namen”, vanwege het historische belang, maar ook selectief, en, wel, op leesbaarheid. Het Communistisch Manifest van Marx en Engels las ik wel – leerzaam op zich -, filosofische werken van Herbert Marcuse, Miguel de Unamuno, en anderen.

Verder vooral ook van zwarte, antikoloniale auteurs als Walter Rodney. Diens onvolprezen werk over Europees kolonialisme in Afrika: How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, is een aanrader voor iedereen. Zeker voor diegenen die zich als Rasta of “Afrika-vriendelijk” beschouwen. Daarnaast andere interessante boeken over deelgebieden (Rastafari, Cuba, Ethiopië), en leerzame biografieën van mensen met persoonlijkheden als Marcus Garvey, maar ook van muzikanten James Brown, Lee Perry, Peter Tosh, e.a.), veelal deels samenhangend met mijn sinds mijn “early teens” ontstane persoonlijke interesses (Rastafari, Reggae).

Maar mijn maatschappelijke belangstelling bleef breed. Een ander – toch – non-fictie werk als Anne Frank’s dagboekbrieven wilde ik eigenlijk ook lezen, vooral vanwege het historische belang. Ik had er veel over gehoord, maar dat hoeft niets te betekenen.

Als er teveel egotripperij om een boek hangt - een “hype” -, stoot het me af, maar rondom Anne Frank’s dagboeken hing dat niet zo, al werd het veel besproken in de media, soms met grappen, over wat voor iemand Anne Frank was. “Een vervelend kind, maar dat hoort ook zo op die leeftijd..”, herinner ik mij dat Jeroen Krabbé in een praatprogramma zei, toen het dagboek weer eens in het nieuws kwam. Wat flauwe grappen door matige comedians daar gelaten, hadden de meeste gesprekken rond Anne Frank’s Dagboek wel wat niveau en nuance.

Controverse – vooral als van een zeker intellectueel niveau - om een boek heen maakt me wel wat nieuwsgieriger, en ik ben het dan ook gaan lezen. In het Nederlands. Als een spreekwoordelijke “elephant in the room”, maar een leuke, lieve olifant, zeg maar. Het lezen was "long overdue”..

SCHUILEN

De premisse is al indrukwekkend. Een groep Joden, waaronder Anne met haar ouders en wat anderen, moest schuilen voor de Nazi’s die Nederland hadden bezet en met steeds meer maatregelen tegen Joden kwamen. Anne was 13 toen ze begon onder te duiken (voor nog een paar jaar).

Ik kan dat relateren aan wat ik elders vernam over die Nazi-bezetting en het Nazi-regime, zoals op school, via documentaire’s, of in tentoonstellingen als het Verzetsmuseum. Er zijn critici van de weergave van die geschiedenis, maar de grote lijnen leken mij wel waarachtig. In ieder geval veelzeggend.

De wreedheid van het Duitse Nazi-regime zat hem in de militaire kracht, zeker, maar vooral het gebruik ervan. Eigenlijk gingen ze heel leugenachtig te werk, nogal sadistisch, en in zekere zin “geniepig”, zeker aangaande de Jodenvervolging.

In Nederland hadden de Nazi’s het eerst nog over een vage “strijd tegen het bolshevisme”, later toegespitst op groepen, maar geleidelijk en martelend sadistisch. Ook de afvoer naar concentratiekampen werd niet openlijk gepresenteerd als “bestemming: dood”, maar als werkkampen en tewerkstelling, waarbij velen in die kampen in het ongewisse bleven over hun gaskamer dood, terwijl ze gedwongen werkten.

Dit diabolische geheel - concreter: een Duitse oproep tot tewerkstelling aan Anne’s oudere zus - deed ook Anne Frank en de anderen schuilen in het Achterhuis, letterlijk achter een bedrijf/magazijn (van vader Otto Frank), uit het zicht, aan de Prinsengracht in Amsterdam, vlakbij de Westerkerk. Vóór die tijd, woonde het gezin Frank aan het Merwedeplein in Amsterdam-Zuid.

De dagboekbrieven betreffen het samenleven daar van Anne met haar ouders, oudere zus, en bevriende Joden (waaronder echtparen en zoon, en een tandarts), en helpende niet-Joodse Nederlanders uit het verzet, trouwe werknemers van Otto’s bedrijf, die af en toe langs kwamen ter steun, en dus wel gewoon over straat konden lopen, zonder ster, en daardoor dingen en voedsel konden brengen, etcetera..

Dit hele naargeestige gegeven moet haast wel interessant leesvoer opleveren, wie het ook schrijft, en Anne was weliswaar wat jong, rond de 13 jaar oud, doch – ook noodgedwongen – vroegrijp.

SCHRIJFTALENT

Het prettigste bij het beginnen te lezen vond ik dat ik merkte dat Anne Frank plezierig schreef in haar toch persoonlijke dagboek: het las lekker weg, een aantrekkelijke, beeldende schrijfstijl, en niet zonder droge, relativerende humor. Ze had ook een goed observatievermogen. Zeker, er waren wat kinderlijke herhalingen en fixaties bij haar schrijven, maar dat is niet meer dan natuurlijk, evenals het “pubergedrag” af en toe. Ze had zonder meer schrijftalent.

Ik merkte vooral dat Anne toch een relatief intelligent kind was voor die leeftijd, en begon mezelf af te vragen of dat ook voor mij gold op diezelfde leeftijd (13-15 jaar). Ik was goed in taal (leerde snel Engels), maar herinner mij toch ook dat ik zelfs wat “diepe beschouwingen” rond die leeftijd had – zelfs met een voetbal onder mijn arm – die iets intellectueels hadden, over de maatschappij. Al pratende met mensen, tussen het praktisch, spelend, me vermakend, bezig zijn.

Anne Frank zat echter noodgedwongen binnen ondergedoken, en moest wel veel nadenken en reflecteren, met weinig tijd voor spel en sport, of ander “vrij buitenleven”. Ze schreef ook letterlijk dat ze vroeger (nog “thuis”, niet schuilend) veel minder nadacht dan in het Achterhuis. Daar zit een wat verhulde, maar aanwezige tragiek.

De Frank familie waren Duitse Joden afkomstig uit Frankfurt am Main, en spraken deels soms nog Duits, begreep ik, naast Nederlands, en Anne had in Amsterdam jaren onderwijs gevolgd.

Ze schrijft goed Nederlands, zelfs wat formeel en vormelijk – met nuance – wat ik wel sympathiek vond, om een of andere reden. Ik vraag mij af: had dat te maken met een ouderwetsere tijd in Nederland – praatte men toen in Nederland gewoon netter en formeler – of met hun Duitse achtergrond, als taal toch formeler dan het Nederlands (ondanks de gedeelde Germaanse taalkundige oorsprong)?

Die “gedeelde Germaanse oorsprong” van Duitsers en Nederlanders maakte de Duitse inval in Nederland – zo vertelde een geschiedenislerares mij ooit – wat gematigder, want Nederlanders waren volgens de Nazi rassenleer “een Germaans broedervolk” (letterlijk zo genoemd in de propaganda), mede-Ariërs, aan de goede kant van de raciale streep. De Joden en zigeuners in Nederland toen echter niet.

De eerste jaren waren nog wel gematigd, maar wat meer verzet, zoals de Februaristaking, leidde tot wat meer disciplinaire maatregelen, duidelijk van een bezetter, in heel Nederland, maar met extra strenge regels tegen Joden (langere “avondklok”, steeds meer plekken verboden), en uiteindelijk hun vervolging en afvoering. Anne’s dagboekbrieven waren van juni 1942 tot augustus 1944, dus spelen in die tijd.

In deze context, te midden van een oorlog met de geallieerden die opmars maakten, schrijft Anne Frank in haar dagboek, zogenaamd aan een fictieve vriendin die ze “Kitty” noemt.

RELATIES EN KARAKTER

Anne bespreekt in haar dagboekbrieven aldus haar relaties en irritaties met de huisgenoten (met andere namen gegeven), het soort gesprekken en ruzies, diners, hoe ze met haar ouders is, werktaken e.a.. Ze heeft een “moeilijke” band met haar moeder, maar lijkt meer affectie voor haar vader te hebben. Er is ook de wat oudere tandarts die in huis kwam “Dussel” (ook een Duitse Jood, eigenlijk Frits Pfeffer geheten) die ze vaak maar een raar, en soms vervelend iemand vond. Vooral toch het speelse gezeur van jonge meiden, en die Dussel vond hetzelfde over Anne. Speelse irritaties - soms wat naarder – maar normaal bij elk samenwonen, vooral als zo dicht op elkaar als in dat Achterhuis.

Kwam Anne als “naar” of “vals” kind over, wat sommige lezers later stelden? Nee, in mijn beleving niet. Ze praatte nogal genuanceerd, vaak zelfkritisch, ook erkennend als ze mogelijk te hard was of overreageerde (zoals op haar snauwende, over-opvoedende moeder), en ze was positief over sommige mensen (helpende Bep), zich vooral beklagend als ze zichzelf naar haar beleving te streng of te kritisch behandeld vond worden. Alleszins menselijk en redelijk. Ik vond haar zelfs té zelfkritisch over haar zelf, te onterecht onzeker.

Dat bescheidene en openlijk “onzekere” en twijfel over zichzelf toegeven, heb ik overigens vaker bij vrouwen dan bij mannen aangetroffen in mijn leven, en is sympathieker dan hoe mannen vaak met hun onzekerheden om gaan: eerder deze overschreeuwen door het af te reageren op anderen, anderen vernederen, de pestkop uithangen, valse agressie, loze competitiviteit, e.a.

Anne was ook “zacht” voor zwakheden van sommigen. Peter, de even jonge zoon van een schuilend echtpaar Van Daan, probeerde ze soms van zijn minderwaardigheidscomplex af te praten over bepaalde schoolvakken die hem minder lagen, bijvoorbeeld, door hem te zeggen waar hij wél goed in is. Dat heeft iets “liefs”. Anders dan wat ze tegenwoordig onder jongeren wel “(player) haters” noemen: mensen die je als een soort politieman alleen aanspreken om je te bekritiseren om wat je fout zou doen, mogelijk ter heimelijke demotivatie.

Wat ik ook leuk aan haar, Anne, vond was de typisch vrouwelijke relativeringen, een soort “bird’s view” die het ridicule van situaties goed weergeeft, wanneer nodig. Mijn moeder kon dat in mijn herinnering ook goed.

UITDAGINGEN

Ook haar “uitdagingen” waren typisch vrouwelijk, en ergens ook wel grappig. Een van mijn broers vond dat de taak van vrouwen in deze wereld is mannen te irriteren en ze (positief) uit te dagen. Eigenlijk als aanmoediging dus. Vrouwen plegen communicatief wat sterker dan mannen te zijn – wel mijn ervaring, althans -, en directer qua gevoelens, dus dat werkt dan ook zo. Zeker bij mannen die zich opsluiten in hun egoïsme, en dat zijn er nogal wat, in elke situatie en cultuur. Vrouwen en meisjes “halen soms toch dingen” uit dit soort mannen, meende dus onder meer een van mijn broers.

Anne Frank was al een paar keer ongesteld geweest – schreef ze -, zich dus ontwikkelend tot jonge vrouw. Ze noemde zichzelf een “bakvis”, en had ook kalverliefdes, terugdenkend aan een jongen met wie ze een tijd “ging”, toen ze nog vrij was, voordat ze moest onderduiken. Ze herinnerde zich zijn “mooie bruine ogen”. Later verplaatste haar genegenheid naar leeftijdgenootje, en mede-onderduiker in het Achterhuis, Peter.

Dit is veelzeggend op meerdere manieren, denk ik. Ook psychologisch. De verhulde tragiek toont zich hier in de “afgesloten” normale ontwikkeling voor vrouwen in vrijheid. Ze had nog hoop dat ze uiteindelijk vrij zou komen, hierbij de oorlogsontwikkelingen – opmars van de geallieerden – hoopvol volgend, samen met mede-onderduikers in het Achterhuis, zoals via de BBC radio. Volwassen Achterhuis-bewoners debatteerden ook over het nieuws.

Tijdens de oorlog nam onrust, maar ook diefstal, in Amsterdam toe en er waren inbrekers in het magazijn (voorhuis), met angst voor ook vinden van de onderduikers in het achterhuis. Momenten van angst, terwijl Anne’s verliefdheid op Peter haar afleiding van al die spanningen leek te geven.

De “verering” die meisjes en vrouwen bij dit soort verliefdheden soms hebben, was er ook bij Anne. Hoewel het niet-autoritair is, voel ik altijd wel wat scepsis bij zoiets. Mannelijke jaloezie van mijn kant: “wat heeft hij wat ik niet heb?”. Dat sluit ik niet helemaal uit, ware het niet dat het eerder realiteitszin dan jaloezie is. Goed en slecht zit in iedereen, en sympathie en aantrekking zijn subjectief.

MAN-VROUW

Ik denk daarbij ook dat die “verering” van een jongen niet echt van binnen komt, maar dat zo’n meisje het slechts zichzelf aanpraat, of doet alsof. Ik kan mij echter vergissen. Hoef je iemand echter echt te “vereren” om je in diegene (verliefd) te kunnen verliezen? Is dat het? Het heeft ook iets ongeëmancipeerds, lijkt het, voor zo’n intelligente, “vrij denkende” meid als Anne

Toch, Anne schrijft er dan soms wel “bakvis”-achtig over, maar toch relatief intelligent en reflecterend, gewoon eerlijk zeggend wat ze voelt.

Later in het dagboek bleek ze trouwens wel degelijk geëmancipeerd te denken, en betreurde ze dat mannen teveel de baas over vrouwen spelen, domineren over vouwen, in meerdere culturen. Toch iets anders dan wat we van sommige Islamieten vernemen. Het gezin Frank was Liberaal-Joods en andere Joden in het Achterhuis zelfs sceptisch over “religie”, wat dergelijke progressieve gedachten denkelijk ook de ruimte gaf. Er zijn anno 2026 nog steeds landen op de wereld waar vrouwen zelfs wettelijk tweederangsburgers zijn, dus Anne’s boodschap is niet achterhaald, en nog relevant.

Ik bleef haar bij het lezen eigenlijk wel sympathiek en grappig vinden, die Anne. Ze beschrijft – in haar dagboek – hoe ze een vagina moet uitleggen aan Peter, die daar volgens haar nog niets van wist. Vroegrijp, haha.

Dat doet ze duidelijk, ‘t vrouwelijke geslachtsdeel beschrijven, zij het wat plastisch. Dat doet mij denken aan hoe het was geweest als ik dit boek wel al las rond mijn 13e jaar, toen ik toch al naar de jeugdbibliotheek ging. Mogelijk het “o, zit dat zo”-effect bij mij, want ik had geen zus of nichtjes dichtbij. Zou niet eens zo slecht zijn, want zoals het hoort: via een meisje en leeftijdsgenootje, al past zoiets niet in alle culturen.

Mijn ouders gaven me in ieder geval weinig seksuele voorlichting, slechts vage waarschuwingen. Dat zal ook wel een cultureel ding zijn: Nederlandse vriendjes van me hoorde ik daar wél over.

Zuid-Europeanen waren daar te preuts voor. Of leken dat, want op Italiaanse en Spaanse feesten vond ik de sfeer vaak “flirteriger” dan op Nederlandse “feestjes”. Anne’s heldere beschrijving van de baarmoeder en vagina had geholpen, haha.

LEERGIERIG

Mogelijk omdat ze uit een bepaalde klasse kwamen (haar grootvader Michael Frank had zich in Frankfurt opgewerkt tot rijk ondernemer), en door andere sociaal-culturele factoren, werd studeren en lezen belangrijk gevonden in het Achterhuis, zelfs met een onzekere toekomst. Anne was zeker ook leergierig, maar ze beschreef ook hoe verschillende mensen in het Achterhuis verschillende interesses hadden. Zijzelf vond talen en geschiedenis het interessants, maar vond algebra niets. Ze wilde ook over andere geloven, en bijvoobeeld het Nieuwe Testament, leren. Een “Alfa” dus, zoals ikzelf ook, trouwens.

Anne bleef ook aantrekkelijk schrijven, over toch een beperkte leefruimte, met wel meerdere mensen. Soms een beetje van een “roddel”-gehalte wat je later ook wel in soap opera’s of sitcoms op TV zag (The Bold and the Beautiful, Friends), maar vaak toch ook dieper, met psychologisch en filosofisch inzicht.

HET JOODSE

Interessant vond ik ook hoe Anne “het Joodse” zag, haar volk. In de huidige tijd van “identiteit” – waar ook wel misbruik van gemaakt wordt – is dat ook wel leerzaam.

Volgens een criticus van het neoliberalisme (wat ikzelf ook ben, maar dat terzijde) als (in Nederland) Ewald Engelen diende de overdreven aandacht voor identiteit sinds ongeveer 1990 om sociaal-economische ongelijkheid te overschreeuwen, die toenam door Neoliberaal (pro-kapitaal) economisch beleid in Europa en VS. Een politieke afleidingstactiek dus via gender, ras, etniciteit, geloof, cultuur, zelfs seksuele voorkeur, etcetera. Als het maar niet over “klasse” en machtsverschil gaat, redeneert Ewald Engelen.

Ik kan deels met Engelen’s analyse mee gaan (gewenste afleiding van klasse), maar de “Joodse identiteit” heeft wat eigen kenmerken. Slachtoffers, maar toch in deze tijd een machtige lobby en invloed op sommige terreinen, zeker in de grootmacht (for better or worse) de VS. Christenen, Moslims, en anderen heb ik weleens horen zeggen over Joden: “ze vinden zichzelf uitverkoren door God, boven anderen, dus ze zijn zelf racistisch..”.

ZIONISME

Ook de vermeende invloed van “Zionisten”, - cynisch Israël ondersteunend via invloed op VS politiek - wordt in de huidige tijd als bovenmatig gezien in alternatieve kringen, niet eens alleen door crypto-antisemieten. Mensen als Kees van der Pijl hebben het over internationale machtslijntjes van “zionisten”, soms gretig gesimplificeerd door gefrustreerde moslims (Palestina), of andere Israël-critici.

In het begin van haar dagboek zegt Anne iets over “Zionisten” die zij kende en waar ze over las, maar wat ze als een wat radicale club afdeed, niet de Joodse mainstream. Van der Pijl stelde zelfs dat Zionisten niet per se Joden hoeven te zijn, wat het wel weer wat “vaag” maakt.

Misschien dat Joden voor hun aantal relatief veel invloed hebben in de wereld, maar ikzelf twijfel over die vergaande invloed van Zionisten in de Westerse wereld. Mijn intuïtie en (inmiddels vergaarde, ook professioneel) historische kennis zegt mij dat “zionistische” macht vooral een rookgordijn vormt voor grotere machten of complotten, meer Angelsaksisch van aard.

Bankenstelsel, NAVO, Pentagon (etcetera, etcetera). Belangen van die partijen (veelal voortvloeiend uit historische wereldmacht/kolonialisme) zijn veel groter – en aantoonbaarder - dan dat van het relatief kleine land Israël, zelfs als in vijandig gebied (Midden Oosten), en wat rijke Joden die wel invloed hebben, maar slechts meeliftend op die Angelsaksische macht. Dat is mijn analyse.

UITVERKOREN

Elk land komt immers op voor het eigen nationale belang – sommige wat verbetener of met meer middelen, weliswaar. Ik ga nog een stap verder.. Ik denk dat stiekem elk volk zichzelf superieur en “uitverkoren” vindt, niet alleen Joden.

Terugkijkend en –denkend van wat ik allemaal gehoord heb: van mijn ouders, van familie in Italië en Spanje, van Nederlanders hier.. Ik kwam professioneel en sociaal ook veel mensen van andere nationaliteiten tegen, ben naar het Caraïbisch gebied geweest, de taal sprekend (Cuba, Jamaica), en woon ook in het internationale Amsterdam.

Wat ik hiervan leerde?: elk volk vindt zichzelf “uitverkoren”, zij het soms anders verwoord (superieur, “beschaafd”, nuchter, Herrenvolk, o.a.). Spanjaarden tegenwoordig met wat meer relativering (zo ook mijn moeder, die zich toch “gewoon” Spaans voelde, maar met humor en zelfspot).

Historisch “nieuwere” landen als Italië hebben die doorgeslagen trots vaak wat verbetener en humorlozer, merkte ik ook als verschil tussen mijn ouders, die elkaars landen ook bekritiseerden. Ook superioriteitswaan die (nog) steeds politiek-economisch bevestigd wordt (Angelsaksische, bijv, Engeland, VS) verliest helaas wat van die zelfrelativering, merk ik. Denk aan de culturele dominantie van de VS (Hollywood, etc.).

Anne Frank zei daar in haar dagboek iets moois en gevat over, in verband met een gesprek met Peter. Peter fantaseerde over “na de oorlog”, en dat hij dan liever als niet-Joods of Christen bekend stond in Europa, maar toch niet hetzelfde kon zijn want (wij) Joden waren toch het “uitverkoren” volk. Anne reageerde hierop met: ik hoop echter ook dat wij Joden ook voor iets goed “uitverkoren” zijn. Met andere woorden, niet slechts voor vervolging, discriminatie, e.d.

Anne voelt zich ook gewoon Joods, en zeker verbonden met het lang lijdende Joodse volk, dat sterk moet zijn, blijkt uit haar schrijfsels, maar stelt daarin ook het menselijke voorop, verlangend naar een tijd waarin ze gewoon mens en niet ”alleen Joods” was. Dit relativeert toch dat “identiteit als wapen” principe dat sommigen hanteren.

Naar mijn eigen overtuiging is het zo dat je eerst een individu bent, een mens, en daarna gevormd door je cultuur en opvoeding. Wat je daarvan mee krijgt en hoe je daarmee om gaat – plus met andere invloeden - , maakt jou als individu uniek. Niet allesbepalend, maar je kan ook niet zonder (cultuur). Dat is dan jouw identiteit, die echter individueel is. Sommige Afro-Amerikanen beschrijven dit type zelfverzekerdheid treffend met "knowing who you are", dus niet slechts "what" you are. Roots and routes.

Ik heb dat geleerd gedurende mijn leven van nu al zo’n 50 jaar, maar Anne leek dat inzicht reeds al wat te tonen rond haar 14e levensjaar, door moeilijke omstandigheden. Ook daarin toonde ze intelligentie, en ergens ook een “zachte” aard.

VERRADEN EN OPGEPAKT

Ik had eerder via de media al vernomen over de afloop van de Achterhuis ondergedokenen: verraden en in Augustus 1944 door de Gestapo opgepakt en vervoerd naar concentratiekampen – Anne overleed zo’n half jaar later aan tyfus in concentratiekamp Bergen-Belsen, net als haar zus.

Ze zaten zo’n 25 maanden ondergedoken in dat Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht, te Amsterdam, en werden toch opgepakt.

Dit wist ik al en daardoor kregen de laatste pagina’s van haar dagboek wat extra lading, een extra dramatiek. De Duitsers/de Gestapo haalden ze op op 4 Augustus 1944, Anne schreef haar laatste dagboekbrief op 1 Augustus, dus enkele dagen daarvoor. Over haar innerlijke tweestrijd, aansluitend op haar eerdere zelfreflectie en omgang met haar vader, Peter en anderen. Gewoon, zoals Anne schreef. Nietsvermoedend, en blijkbaar kwam de Gestapo – zoals alle kwaadaardige krachten – bij verrassing, onverwachts voor betrokkenen. Het verrassingseffect geeft immorele, onzekere macht psychologisch extra glans, wat het geweten sust, en voor sadisten prettige zelfbevestiging van hun macht geeft.

Wie Anne Frank en de anderen in het Achterhuis verraadden, is nog steeds niet echt bekend, hoewel onderzocht.

ALGEHELE CONCLUSIE

Niet eens om “politiek-correcte” redenen, maar gemeend, kwam Anne Frank op mij als een sympathiek meisje/jonge vrouw over. Ik zou wel zo’n zusje gehad willen hebben.

Dit in verband met een discussie die ik ooit zag op TV, bij de NPO – ik geloof dat Jeroen Pauw presenteerde – over dat Anne eigenlijk een vervelend kind was – maar “gewoon puberde”.

Dat is te relativeren. Naar mijn indruk en ervaringen was ze relatief leergierig en intelligent en – niet onbelangrijk – zelfkritisch, met zelfrelativering. Een fijne combinatie, die je niet vaak treft. Veel mensen vinden zichzelf relatief intelligent, en in deze “neoliberale” tijden - om met Ewald Engelen te spreken – is leergierigheid maar al te vaak gericht op eigenbelang en economisch gewin. Niet bij iedereen, zeker nog niet bij kinderen van 13-15 jaar oud, maar dat zit in dit systeem.

In dat leergierige herken ik mijzelf van die leeftijd, ook wel in andere zieleroerselen van Anne. Ook begon ik rond mijn 13e jaar met schrijven (verhalen, songteksten, gedichten), zijnde toch een zogeheten “creatief type” (evenals Anne). Ook ben ik meer een Alfa (talen, geschiedenis, kunst) dan bijv. een Beta (technische jongens), zoals ook Anne, die volgens haar dagboek het vak algebra vermeed of uitstelde. Ik had daarentegen klasgenootjes (uiteraard jongens) die wiskunde juist het leukste vak vonden en “kickten” op algebra, wat ik dus niet begreep..

Ook wat verschillen, toch: ik was een jongen (meisjes zijn vroeger “seksueel rijp”), en ik was als tiener ook nogal met voetbal en daarna “coole” muziek bezig (andere jongens: met “techniek”), maar had wel relatief meer die intellectuele, “lees” en “bestudeer” neigingen, ook vergeleken met leeftijdgenootjes, die meer passief gangbare massacultuur beleefden (Mainstream media en amusement, TV, Hollywood).

Een ander belangrijk verschil zat hem juist in dat schuilen, het ondergedoken zitten van Anne, met een aantal mensen, in een beperkte ruimte: het Achterhuis aan de Prinsengracht. De buitenwereld figureert indirect, als herinnering en hoop. Zo’n opgesloten context, met onduidelijke uitkomst, doet dan als vanzelf de nadruk leggen op onderlinge relaties, stelt familierelaties op de proef, voor langere tijd. Tijdelijk maakt iedereen dat mee (krap op elkaar in vakantiehuisje, ruzies die eerder niet ontstonden, samenwonen na LAT-relatie), maar in dat Achterhuis dus uitvergroot en langer.

Alle gesprekken, eigenaardigheden, karaktertrekken, dagrituelen van de mede-onderduikers komen dan dichtbij. Dat maakt dit dagboek uniek, ook omdat Anne Frank goed schrijft, het goed duidelijk maakt: de beklemming, de sleur, naast spanning en hoop.

Je wordt op jezelf terug geworpen, wil het cliché dan, wat ook wel waar is. Ook leer je sommige mensen pas beter kennen bij intensieve omgang, al dan niet noodgedwongen, en ook jezelf. Anne dacht dus noodgedwongen meer na; in de vrije wereld kunnen we meer doen om niet te hoeven denken. Ook een verschil met mij, al woonde ik in een saai dorp: er waren mogelijkheden. Ik kon de deur uit, naar de buitenwereld.

Ongetwijfeld zullen opgesloten criminelen ook wel hun verhaal hebben verteld, maar in een andere context, en vanuit een ander perspectief. Adolf Hitler schreef Mein Kampf ook in (zij het tijdelijke) gevangenschap.

Ikzelf weiger het te lezen, maar ik ken mensen (niet eens neo-Nazi’s, maar wetenschappers) die Hitler’s Mein Kampf hebben gelezen, indirect dus Anne’s moordenaar (en van vele anderen, zoals haar).

Omdat het dus geen Neo-Nazi’s waren praatte ik gewoon met deze lezers van Mein Kampf, en zij vertelden over een “drammerige” toon, vol met ideologie, niets persoonlijks of kwetsbaars “eerlijk” van de auteur als individu, maar zich verschuilend in/achter een rancuneuze ideologie en “strijd”. Duitse, Germaanse superioriteit, (internationale) machten die het Duitse volk tegen werken, etcetera.

Waarschijnlijk om te provoceren zei boekenrecensent Rypke Zeilmaker op het alternatieve internet-kanaal Café Weltschmerz dat Mein Kampf hem qua teneur aan de Quran/Koran deed denken, of andersom, maar omdat hij wilde aangeven dat de Bijbel beter geschreven was.

Niet leuk voor mijn Islamitische vrienden, en mogelijk wilde Zeilmaker de Islam hiermee bashen, maar het onpersoonlijke en anti-individualistische – en een agressieve (en autoritaire!) heilsleer – deelde het heel oppervlakkig nog wel. Zowel de Quran – en eigenlijk ook de Bijbel – en ook Mein Kampf, zijn alle ook nadrukkelijk “mannelijke” boeken. Anne Frank’s dagboek duidelijk meisjesachtig/vrouwelijk.

Illustratief legt Hitler in Mein Kampf de schuld van al het slechte bij “anderen”, maar doet Anne Frank in haar dagboek aan zelfreflectie, en heeft het genuanceerd over goed en kwaad in ieder mens.

Wat de een teveel had, had de ander te weinig, kan een cynische conclusie zijn.

Jamaicaanse Rastafari denker/artiest Mutabaruka betoogde dat heilige boeken als de Bijbel en Koran/Quran door “onzekere” mannen (ook qua vrouwen) zijn geschreven, die dat echter goed verhullen. Dat stond hem tegen, ook al was de Rastafari beweging oorspronkelijk ook deels Bijbels gebaseerd (maar met een “Afro-centrische”/zwarte interpretatie).

Overigens is de wat poëtische Quran iets minder destructief/negatief dan de Hadith overleveringen rond Mohammed (oorlogszuchtiger, nog meer haat.. ook mannelijk dus) die fanatieke moslims helaas ook als richtlijn hanteren.

Hoe het ook zij, loze vergelijking of niet: in ieder geval is Anne Franks’ dagboek een eerlijk, menselijk boek, met een gezonde, individuele, zelftwijfelende insteek van een persoon. Eigenlijk gewoon van een open-minded, lief, intelligent meisje – met vaak goede, menslievende standpunten. Je leert haar plezierig kennen in dit dagboek, ook omdat ze “speels” schrijft.

Daarnaast heeft het dagboek aspecten die het uniek maken: de context (opgesloten in onzekere omstandigheden, in Amsterdam, schuilend, oorlogstijd/tijdsbeeld, Holocaust, etc.). Het woord “beklemming”, kwam in mij op.

Uiteraard had ik Anne een langer leven gegund. Ze wilde, zo schreef ze, schrijfster en journaliste worden, en ze was vast een goede geworden. Ze was het eigenlijk al..

Recognizing Sly's Style

As recently the well-known and influential Jamaican Reggae drummer Sly Dunbar deceased (26th of January, 2026), a tribute seems fitting. Especially on this blog of mine, where I earlier discussed musicians and artists at that time just passed away.

Sly Dunbar (henceforth: Sly) died for (Western) common standards quite young at 73 years of age, yet he reached an older age than another known Reggae drummer Lincoln “Style” Scott, dying at only 58 (in 2015). Or of Sly’s bass-playing steady companion Robbie Shakespeare, dying in December 2021, at the age of 68.

Always sad when a person passes away, influential on some people’s or even many people’s lives. The latter is the case with Sly Dunbar, often dubbed as one of the “architects” of Reggae, helping to shape it. The sadness of mourning relates to the previous feeling of “taking someone for granted”, while appreciating the presence as living among us.

Death, especially when unexpected and relatively young, always comes as a negative interruption. People who had close and more distant (professional) relationships with Sly, in these days close after his passing, have written several tributes, obituaries, or biographies, emphasizing his importance for Reggae, and sad loss.

PROLIFIC

Sly was in fact one of the most times recorded Reggae musicians, contributing with drums to many, some say around 200.000(!) Reggae songs, especially since the later 1970s, also as producer, such as for Black Uhuru and Ini Kamoze. As drummer, Sly thus played drums on countless songs by all the big names in Reggae: Gregory Isaacs, Mighty Diamonds, Wailing Souls, Junior Delgado, Dennis Brown, Black Uhuru, Gladiators, Peter Tosh, Viceroys.. too many to mention, and spread all over Reggae, maybe less with bands or artists having their own “steady” drummer (as Carlton Barrett was for Bob Marley, Burning Spear had long another steady drummer), or worked more with session bands like the Roots Radics - with other (also great) session drummers, like Style Scott, or with Santa Davis, or Leroy “Horsemouth” Wallace.

These other drummers tend to have an own, mostly recognizable style, I find. Somewhat generalizing: Carlton Barrett perfected the smooth “one drop” rhythm with the Wailers, Santa Davis included African and Latin flourishes in his drumming, Style Scott hit the snare hard and played “metronomic”, while Horsemouth included relatively many (drum) side and rim(click) additions .

I find a specific “own” style of Sly, however at first more difficult to recognize. He was certainly influential, and had his own approach and style, yet it was often “subtly” there. Perhaps because he was so prolific and spread throughout Reggae, Sly’s style became more difficult to distinguish, having partly shaped Reggae, after all.

CHANNEL ONE

Of course, Sly was also important for my personal experience of Reggae, even for my developing taste, also because he was very prolific as session drummer as well, especially for the Channel One label since around 1975, one that I am more or less a fan of. It had that early “Rockers” sound, and the “clarity” of the “per instrument” sound gave another feel than (the also great) Studio One recordings, having a more amalgamated, “drowned” sound due to older technology.

Older, yet prestigious, as Studio One received the equipment from the famed Motown label in the US. Cool, but several instruments had to be recorded at the same time at Studio One, at the cost of specific clarity of each instrument, not least the drum. At Channel One instruments began to be recorded separately, and clearer sounding. It was since then also that the snare accent on the 3 (of 4/4) became clearer.

Channel One started in the Later 1970s, around the time Sly began drumming for recordings, having recorded before already with e.g. Niney Holness and Bunny Lee. Before this, he played already with bass player Robbie Shakespeare in the “club circuit”, and in tourist areas in Jamaica. His earliest recording was, by the way, for Lee Perry’s Upsetters label when he was only about 12, recommended to Perry by Ansel Collins.

Not much use repeating here what’s said on his Wikipedia page, or elsewhere and in recent tributes. I only will select in this post just some aspect of Sly’s musical biography with regard to the “recognizability” of his drumming style. Preferably aspects not well-known to the wider public, from more obscure or specialized sources.

On later Channel One recordings, Sly became quite prominent within that clarity of sound, since the Late 1970s. His drumming style was deemed innovative, experimental, but also – in a sense – “commanding”, shaping the song along the vocal part. Sly said in an interview for the ‘Modern Drummer’ magazine (August 2012) that beyond just playing drums, he was also “performing”, while listening to the whole song.

ROCKERS

Important additions by Sly contributed – quite known – to the Rockers sound, and derived Steppers sounds: the earliest precursors – with the Rub-a-Dub Style – to early Dancehall music. It added a bass drum on the One of each (4/4) bar, and sometimes on each beat, making it more “militant” or “military”.

From this developed later Dancehall riddims as originally a “faster” Rockers riddim – a higher BPM -, mostly a matter of a speedier tempo, but also accents, notably digital accents in modern Dancehall, thus by-passing live drummers. Still, Sly originally created the Rockers sound largely, with extra bass drum on the One (alongside the standard accent on Three), becoming a period a popular sound, with Gregory Isaacs’ Night Nurse being an example that is best known, though in my opinion many Rockers songs from the period (say, around 1980) are better than that one, even by Isaacs himself.

Sly’s “co-performing” explains something of his drumming style, but what I as said struggle a bit with is: what exactly was Sly’s own drumming style? I enjoyed it, sure, but only sometimes I delved into deep analysis or detailed description of it, often regarding a specific song.

This implies that I find that style hard to recognize. Sly’s drumming seemed however commanding, but also adaptive, to the songs, changing thus accents or styles. That makes his style more difficult to recognize.. at once..

INFLUENCES

Sly named as his influences various drummers, from Philadelphia Soul and other US Black music, to Ska (Ska drummer Lloyd Knibb), other US and Jamaican drummers, yet.. he also studied African music, to learn about shaping a danceable groove. He likes “groove”, Sly said in the 2012 Modern Drummer interview. In this sense, I think this meant that he did not do many (interchanging) fills, which he says in the same interview, choosing to focus on the nuances within the maintained flow. (you dig?, haha).

Another Reggae drummer I paid tribute to on this blog, Style Scott, when he just passed away in February, 2015 (blog post of that month), had some distinct characteristics in his style. What’s interesting, is that Scott learned drumming (partly) by watching/copying Sly’s drumming, as he said in interviews. While Sly said he learned in part from earlier Jamaican drummers, like Lloyd Knibb, Carlton Barret, Santa Davis, a.o. Generation after generation..

Style Scott’s drumming style was very tight and metronomic, with relatively hard hits on the snare, and – as some find – “slower” than other Reggae drummers . Variations on main patterns/grooves were there, certainly, but standing out all the more within his “tight” (and slower) style.

That’s maybe a clear difference with Sly’s style; of course also tight enough, but with more nuances within patterns, and perhaps more flexible than Style Scott’s style. That combination of “tight” and “flexible” fits Reggae well, rooted in both “straight” Central-African rhythms, as of “swing” based US music (Jazz, R&B).

AND ROBBIE

I wrote something about the “Sly and Robbie” sound in a blog post of mine, namely about bass player Robbie Shakespeare’s passing in 2021. I included Sly in this, but focused in that post more on Robbie.

That’s another problem with recognizing Sly’s style: he was most known as part of a well-known “rhythm tandem” with Robbie Shakespeare, often seeming inseparable. They combined well, but also influenced each other, as Robbie’s bass lines were often relatively “melodic” and full, interrelating with Sly’s drum choices.

SYNTH

Sly & Robbie clicked well musically, grew together musically since quite early in their career (meeting in 1972), creating a solid, groovy sound, sometimes slightly funky, over time modernizing the previous Early Rockers era in Jamaican Reggae music (1976-1983), with added synth drums and other “modernities”. Especially in later Sly & Robbie (1982 and later) contributions or productions, such as for Black Uhuru (albums like Chill Out), or their own albums, the synth tom recurred regularly, becoming another typical feature of Sly’s style, distinguishing him with that experimenting from other Jamaican drummers, less using synth drums/sounds. Also the Sly & Robbie-produced (and of course –played) “hit” of sorts, Herbman Hustling by Sugar Minott, - from around 1985 - had these modern, synth aspects, while still recognizable as Sly & Robbie.

The groove was after all always tight and strong, and somewhat commanding, though, modern additions or not.

Therefore, it’s often easy to remember bass lines from Sly and Robbie-played songs, like Ini Kamoze's 1984 song Wings With Me (later transformed into a “sing over” Riddim instrumental Rootsman, such as for Chronixx’s “club hit” Here Comes Trouble), or e.g. England Be Nice. Or on several Black Uhuru songs. Strong steady rhythms from a coordinated bass-drum duo, the Sly & Robbie bass-drum tandem.

Still, Sly’s contribution to that is not easy to discern, but there and influential, both in steady and nuanced aspects of “the groove”.

JAMAICAN REGGAE DRUMMING

Not least important – certainly in Reggae – Sly’s use of the hi-hat and other cymbals should be honorary mentioned as at least helping to define the specific Jamaican Reggae sound, hard to copy abroad. The hi-hat is important in that, alongside the snare or rim accent, but more drummers, even before Sly and at Studio One, had interesting, engaging hi-hat patterns, adding both syncope/polyrhythm and danceability: Winston Grennan, Leroy “Horsemouth” Wallace, Santa Davis, and Carlton Barrett. That was just the Jamaican Reggae drumming “tradition”, you can say, those hi-hat accents.

CRASH CYMBAL

Sly at least continued that Jamaican drumming style, but rather than expanding on it, he “tightened” the hi-hat patterns, sometimes restricted them a bit, but this tighter structure had as goal an important contribution of Sly to Reggae drumming: the crash cymbal, and its use.

Both the hi-hat and crash cymbal are crucial in Reggae drumming, too essential to neglect. Yet, according to some sources, it was Sly who decided to use the crash cymbal "peak/high-point" more effectively, at the end of a cycle, usually signaling the Chorus after it. He normalized this.

Maybe it’s also good to say that Sly not only “performs” the song along with the artist/singer, but also “structures” the song. He drummed “tight”, not in the sense of “metronomic” (applying a bit to Style Scott’s drumming), but rather in the sense of “structure”, orderliness, making a song more appealing throughout, its dramatic development, etcetera.

ABROAD AND BEYOND

The Jamaican drumming style with roles for hi-hat and crash cymbal, besides the drums/toms, is hard to copy abroad. Some at least try, Reggae bands in the Netherlands, Britain, Germany, France, and US, but often in a simplified manner, not per se “bad”, but not of the Jamaican standard, or benchmark. “Textbook lesson” hi-hat triplets are played often by drummers in Europe and US, but as such can become boring throughout a song, and an added “polyrhythm” (in hi-hat variations) can improve the mood. Less stiff, more African. Nicely rounded off at the end of verses, at the right moment, with a Crash cymbal to announce the Chorus the rhythm goes into. Like a “peak” upon possession by some spirit, followed by dancing in a trance, as in some African folk belief traditions.

Clearly, this is an African retention, still practiced in Vodou, Santería, Kumina, and in parts of Africa itself.

Many Rastafari adherents, however, condemn “Vodou”-like religions as backward, or even evil, witchcraft. Sly sympathized with the Rastafari movement, though he did not say much about it, but that’s his right. Anyway, the Rastafari combine a Biblical focus with a focus on Africa, also culturally. “Possession” in the literal sense (Shango, Yemayá, or Papa Legba/Ellegua – as in Santería and Vodou), is only replaced by a metaphorical “possession” now with music and rhythm, but also by a feeling within. The “Soul” of sufferers singing (James Brown defined “soul” as the word “can’t”). In other words: real music.

The drum and rhythm participate in that, as part of Sly’s “co-performing” and “structuring” style.

Somewhere in all this I now wrote, a specific “Sly” style of drumming can be recognized or discerned.

CONCLUDING

All I know is that he drummed on many great Reggae albums and songs I enjoyed, many that I have listened and danced to as Reggae fan. Many, many great songs. It influenced me – when I drummed on my own compositions, for instance – in many ways, I myself don’t fully realize. I practiced (trap) drumming on songs Sly drummed on, that also, though not exclusively.

When I drum a Rockers pattern (e.g. for an own recording), or use the “climactic” crash cymbal for a song, I know it’s part of Sly’s legacy.

That wider, influential legacy – perhaps subtle, yet present –, in shaping Reggae and drumming, - is something to be proud of, significant for all Reggae fans, and what I thank Sly for.

That legacy remains..

Troubled identification with Jamaica in reggae lyrics

Reggae music is of course for some time now a main “export product” of Jamaica, and especially since Bob Marley’s fame put it on the global map, since around the 1970s.

There is however one historical elephant in the room, or maybe an inherent contradiction: Reggae is Afro-Jamaican music, that arose among those who descend from Africans who were brought once forcibly to the island Jamaica, had to work as slaves, and remained in poverty on that island. There is thus a problematic identification with the nation of residence.

The same applies of course to all other Black music genres in the African Diaspora, from the US, to Cuba, Trinidad, Colombia, Brazil, and other former colonies, later becoming known for internationalized music. About 70% of what we call “Salsa” is in fact based on Afro-Cuban musical structures – with clear Congo retentions -, to which in New York were added influences, often also from the African Diaspora (Dominican Merengue or Afro Puerto Rican Bomba). Calypso (Trinidad), Blues (US), Samba (Brazil): also all created by descendants of Africans, in a place where they were brought by force.

This is an existential problem, shared throughout the African Diaspora, yet in different ways. Even if, say, countries like Trinidad, Brazil, or Cuba, seem celebrated proudly in lyrics as one’s home, the tragic undertone remains somehow there. Unease remains.

TRAUMA

That tragic undertone is the trauma. In essence, “trauma” can be defined as “losing control” of the situation, and in a sense “inaptitude”. One’s people did not choose to make Jamaica their home, but were pressured to do so, with a lot of abuse. Music helps to remind of the African roots, so that the tree growing can bear good fruits, even in alien soil, to quote Marcus Garvey (more or less).

The human rights abuses, violence, and deaths that came with trans-Atlantic slave trade and plantation slavery, added to the existential problem. After deracination, came dehumanization, and marginalization. Music genres developed among poor Black people answered that, contrasted that with roots, humanity, and self-expression.

REPATRIATION

This existential problem is shared throughout the African Diaspora, but in the case of Jamaica, that trauma of deracination or displacement, has been answered more manifestly with the Garvey movement – Back to Africa -, and the related Rastafari movement, since the 1930s.

Jamaica was and is for most Garveyites and Rastafarians not the ideal place for African-Jamaicans, who should according to them repatriate to Africa. They belong there. The sensed urgency of this repatriation might however differ per person.

While Marcus Garvey attempted in earnest to set up a steamship line to bring people back to Africa – the Black Star Liner – in the US after 1917, it was sabotaged and eventually ill-fated. More sabotage than mere “bad management”, as some claimed it to be.

Within the Rastafari movement, repatriation remained a goal, that seemed somewhat “stalled”. Poorer early (Rastafari-adhering) Reggae artists could simply not travel, whereas later Reggae artists making some money, maintained a lot of loyalties within their island of birth, Jamaica, or migration destinations (US, Canada, Britain). Only a few Reggae artists actually made repatriation efforts to Africa as such, some moving (partly) to African countries: Rita Marley being a known example in Ghana, while other Reggae artists bought land and property in parts of Africa (e.g. Sizzla).

This “back to Africa” focus of the Garvey movement and Rastafari is the most outspoken contrast to the initial trauma of forced displacement: (re)taking control of one’s lot again, as solution to the trauma. In theory to start with, as hopeful vision and, perhaps, consolation..

Elsewhere in the African Diaspora - outside of Jamaica - the same existential trauma is more implicitly referred to.

In Jamaica itself – after all a racially “majority Black” country - , some recent voices call for “Africanizing Jamaica”, instead of the unrealistic – or at least seemingly impractical – repatriation of Africans back to Africa. This cultural Africanization was however already happening all along, and at most will entail some policy changes in the higher circles of society, often more symbolic than anything else. The majority view among Rastafari adherents in Jamaica seem to still be repatriation, returning to the African homeland.

REGGAE LYRICS

Of course, Reggae music has been strongly influenced by the Rastafari movement, especially Roots Reggae (old and new), evident in lyrics, with a maintained Back To Africa focus, real or symbolic.

It seemed to me interesting, therefore, to study how (especially) Rastafari-adhering Reggae artists discuss their island of birth, Jamaica. Is there some sensed connection or sense of belonging with Jamaica?, or is the message that one is essentially just “stuck” there, still trying to make the best of it, while thinking of ancestral Africa?

With the recent hurricane called Melissa in 2025, causing destruction in parts of Jamaica, the sense of community and connection with the island as location was again put to the fore (and test), as rebuilding was required.

Rebuilding a Jamaica where you never chose to be in the first place, but had been made into home, also by your own direct ancestors.

The history of slavery is recalled a lot in Reggae lyrics, wherein Jamaica figures as “plantation island” where Africans taken from Africa lived in slavery, and later “ghetto island” where Africans lived in poverty. Jamaica forms part of larger "Babylon" (the corrupt Western world) in many Reggae lyrics. Of course this is all from the poor people’s perspective, excluded from high society.. or even middle-class society: the sufferers and ghetto dwellers, creating Reggae.

Other lyrics - dealing with current events, or later epochs – showed a broader connection with Jamaica, but mostly also one that is also “tainted”, as inequality between haves and have-nots persists. In many Reggae lyrics, from the 1970s to now, gun violence and crime, are added problems for identification with the island, for ghetto residents, also with a “class” aspect.

This became clear already when Jamaica became independent: especially some well-connected politicians, or Afro-Jamaicans with higher positions, exhibited an opportunistic sense of Jamaican identity and connection, aligned then to one’s position of relative power within the political system. The “Uncle Tom”-effect, you can say, or “Boasy Slave” in Jamaican parlance.

This is also critiqued in Reggae lyrics, such as the patriotic, national slogan, Jamaica had a while: Out Of Many One, in e.g. Mutabaruka’s lyrics. This slogan was copied from the US, but ill-fitted the Jamaican situation, where over 80% of Jamaica is mainly of African descent, so the other of the “many” get a privileged status, it seems. Indeed, minorities like the Chinese, Lebanese, Europeans, and to a lesser degree East Indians, are up to the present economically disproportionately powerful and wealthy within Jamaica.

Reggae lyrics by Rastas, therefore, when dealing with Jamaica include this critique and – one can say – alienation, and dreaming of Africa and Zion. This tragedy at the very least renders great musical art: as James Brown once said “soul” is the word “can’t”.. and Reggae Got Soul, as songs by Toots & the Maytals and later Fantan Mojah are titled.

CULTURE

“Celebrating Jamaicanness” – the other extreme - is found less in Roots Reggae lyrics, but is not absent, even vowing “never to leave it” songs by Eric Donaldson, Admiral Bailey, a.o.). Yet, even among Rastas, as a “cultural” rather than a “political” nation, Jamaica is appreciated: music, food, daily customs, family and friends, specific drinks, parties, specific towns/areas, natural landscapes, but also Jamaica as birthplace of cultural movements with global impact (Garvey, Rastafari, Reggae, a.o.) putting small Jamaica on the map, offering some sense of pride.

Even Sizzla is quite positive about developments – or at least freedoms – within Jamaica on his song In Jamaica.

The quite recent “club hit” The Voices Of Sweet Jamaica at the celebration of 50 years independence of Jamaica from British rule, in 2012, also celebrated food, natural beauty, and culture.

Chronixx has a nice, nuanced vision on Jamaica in Smile Jamaica, as some other Reggae artistes too (like Tarrus Riley, Etana, Jah Cure, a.o.), including mostly the historical existential unease.

Most of the more “conscious” Reggae lyrics (old and new) tend to emphasize the social problems within Jamaica, at most praising cultural resilience. Jamaica equates an involuntary lot or burden to overcome. It appears as such in lyrics of songs by Morgan Heritage, and earlier Culture, Peter Tosh, Hugh Mundell, Junior Delgado, Twinkle Brothers, Bob Andy, or even Bob Marley, the most internationally well-known Jamaican. This accentuates the problematic, conflictive relation, calling for wanting to go “home” (Africa)..

LATIN AMERICA

It also shows, on the positive side, the relative lack of censorship and free speech in Jamaica, and lacking social pressures, compared to other places in the Americas, where Africans ended up, and have less channels to express grievances, than in Jamaica. These grievances and inequalities are certainly there in places like Cuba, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Brazil, where – as also documentaries by Henry Louis Gosset jr. (Blacks in Latin America) showed - , Blacks/African descendants remained on the lower rungs of society, among the poorest.

In dictatorships like Cuba, this even caused some censorship problems and persecution problems of Afro-Cuban artists with direct criticism in the lyrics on the regime or inequality. Some artists in Latin America, like Cuban rappers, resorted therefore to more covert lyrics and “code words”, to express grievances, when questioning that myth of “racial, mixed democracy”. This also applies in Brazil, being the country outside of Africa with most people of African descent, but presenting the world a “mixed, equal” image, to hide actual race-based poverty and discrimination (also in e.g. police killings disproportionately of Afro-Brazilians in Rio de Janeiro).

GOOD AND BAD

Natural beauty in parts of Jamaica – certainly present – is also mentioned in both Reggae lyrics and earlier by Marcus Garvey in his writings on his growing up in rural St Ann. When I visited, I personally also liked the lush, tropical landscapes of parishes of Jamaica, like St Ann (where Marcus Garvey and Bob Marley were born) – more hilly -, and St Thomas – more mountainous – in Eastern Jamaica. I saw beautiful landscapes there.

Crucially, local living or “culture” is celebrated in such Reggae lyrics positive about Jamaica, more than nationalism. Nationalism, like patriotism – as the –“ism” ending suggests – serves often “politics and (economic) power” goals from élites, and thus top-down. It might influence those lower in the hierarchy, but remains partly artificial.

Culture is by contrast from the bottom-up, as folk culture is what you get when common people are left alone, to their own devices.

You don’t celebrate adversity, but how you “overcame” it, simply said.

Tellingly, the artist Ijahman Levi called Jamaica his “culture country”, where Marcus Garvey was from.

Burning Spear has a song “Land Of My Birth” (“I love you..”), and on his latest album a song called Jamaica (praising its culture), whereas Island In The Sun (rhyming with “fun”), appears in lyrics by group Israel Vibration, and others, quasi-positively, while also some places in Jamaica are described with some mild affection, such as Kingston, Montego Bay (a song by Queen Ifrica), Spanish Town (by Chronixx), or Negril, an affection mostly shaped because of friends or family there.

The mostly Rootical/Rasta group the Itals also have a nice, jolly song about Jamaican style of living and dances.

ALIENATION

The many good Reggae songs, also about this theme of alienation or connection with regard to the nation Jamaica, furthermore go interestingly against the Nazi-doctrine of “Entartete kunst” ..

When the Nazi’s took power in Germany in the 1930s, and turned it into a fascist and racist (Germanic supremacy) dictatorship, it entailed censorship of certain art forms, not fitting the national-socialist party line of Germanic superiority, and being too foreign, non-German, racially impure (made by Jews), or “entartet”, which is the German word for “degenerated”. This art thus deemed was condemned openly then banned, by that regime.

What Reggae – and other music and art in the African Diaspora - proves is in fact the contrary: art being valuable as precisely an expression of alienation and being deracinated, therefore all the more soulful and powerful.

More so than just confirming conservative cultural norms in closed communities, with lack of creativity and innovation, remaining safely on the well-trodden paths, to please the authorities. This occurs when people have not been displaced by outside forces, and remained in the same land as their ancestors, practically since years BC, only with some admixtures. Stagnation sets in those cases inevitably in. More travelling and persecuted groups like Jews or Gypsies had to be more creative with their art, yet those were precisely seen as “undesirables” in Nazi Germany.

To a degree, also more historically “mixed” Mediterranean nations (also culturally) like Spain (with a Moorish past), France, or Italy have this less than dominantly, more mono-ethnic Germanic or Slavic countries elsewhere in Europe, giving some more space for creative artistic periods in Southern Europe. Yet, also Vienna in Austria at the time of Mozart, was more multicultural than the rest of Austria, while also Amsterdam and Antwerp (and London) had long an international, “tolerant” image, enabling innovations, though at first mostly economically motivated, it increased variety and openness.

Jamaica was a British colony, and inherited more the Germanic/Northern European sense of “racial purity” and racial connection to a specific land, that the Spanish colonizers had less.

From the start, as even racist, ruthless colonizing conquerors following Columbus to the Americas, like Pizarro and Cortés, soon accepted racial mixture between Spaniards and present Amerindians, even allowing on occasion the mixed offspring some of the inherited power and material inheritance.

In British colonies, and the US, racial purity, segregation, and strict inequality was however more the norm, whereas societies like Cuba, Brazil, and others boasted earlier a “mixed” identity.

This more “mixed identity” in Latin America, proved on the other hand often however hypocritical in light of actual racial inequalities, - as already mentioned -, that persisted in places like Cuba and Brazil, where people of African descent, especially when darker-skinned, remain among the poorest of all groups, and descendants of Europeans among the most powerful and wealthiest. Up to this day: even the in name progressive and anti-racist Communist Party of Cuba, is mostly disproportionately “lilly-white”, or at least Spanish-looking, in its higher echelons.

Similarly, in Brazil, only very light Mulatto might obtain some political power, further the domain of also “lilly white” (European-descended) people, with only in sports and music (Pele, for instance) some status for Afro-Brazilians, similar to the situation in the US, for that matter.

NATIONALISM

US comedian Roy Wood jr. had an entertaining bit about the “conflicted relations” of African Americans with the US, inhibiting them from writing truly “patriotic” songs about the joy of being from the US, - as some White US artists did -, but instead created the lamenting Blues.

This more or less applies to Jamaica as well, and to elsewhere in the African Diaspora, especially in light of persisting racial inequalities, also in e.g. Colombia. The national projects simply went from colonial to postcolonial projects, any popular input in achieving or fighting for independence soon sidelined. Nationalism became an élite thing in the Americas, much more than in Europe.

Many borders in Europe developed historically in a rather haphazard manner (or through royal interests), hardly ever conscious political projects, though a shared ethnic base and history procured a sensed affiliation, even with political leaders. Italian unification – led by Garibaldi – seemed a project, but covered uncomfortably many regional identities within current Italy, and to a lesser degree also German unification.

Still, a sense of being where one historically belongs is present among most European nationals (and in Asia and Africa), resulting in stability and self-assurance, as well as arrogance.

My personal prediction in Late 2020: that the whole Covid virus ordeal or “scam” (according to opposers of it) impacting societies and limiting usual freedoms globally, but especially in Western countries, starting around March 2020.. this would (I predicted) increase nationalistic tendencies, rather than global rebellion. It is not my genius, but rather my knowledge of history that made me predict this well.

While political leaders in Italy, France, Germany, or elsewhere - both on the Left as on the Right – pay lip service to “patriotism”, their alignment with global élites is also evident, mostly for power and economic reasons.

Some right-wing popular movements or political leaders contest this with sometimes even xenophobic nationalism, and simplistic and generalizing “anti-migration” stances. Not positive, but showing that the “national belonging” is sensed and ancestral, with “outsiders” becoming intruders. Outweighing – harshly – global inequality or shared injustices.

This never developed as such in the Americas, only a bit more in more racially mixed societies like Brazil, Cuba, Colombia, or the Dominican Republic, where nation or a vague “Latino” identity becomes a substitute for uncertainty of identity, almost by necessity. This is not without creativity, and even understandable, but the “depth” of the connection with the nation should not be exaggerated.

I have met Cubans and Colombians of mixed race, knowing more or less of a Spanish ancestor, a Chinese one, and African one, and even where from in China, Spain, or Africa. I met a quite dark-skinned Cuban woman once in Cuba – adhering to Yoruba Santería btw –, who asked me if I have ever been to Asturias, as I was half-Spanish. I answered that my mother was more from the Southwest of Spain (close to Córdoba), and Asturias was rather in the North of Spain, having only visited it once. Apparently one of her ancestors came from there. She was mostly of African descent, though, so mixtures differ.

Anyway, the focus remained in the cases of people with mixed ancestry worldly and international, which in itself helps to keep an open mind, and makes identity less “strict”. Yet also more insecure.

FRICTIONS

While the result of a largely tragic history of inequality and exploitation, this “looser” national identity in the Americas is not without its merits. It avoids “redneck”-like small-mindedness and xenophobia, that even hides behind the “subtle” racism now common in Western Europe, or more open variants of xenophobia in parts of Eastern and Southern Europe.

The cultural friction with the also proud Islamic adherents - present among migrants - caused increased tensions and misunderstandings, as both in England as in the Netherlands – for instance – anti-migration parties – called “racist” by some, e.g. the National Front in Britain, or the Dutch Centrum Democraten, soon shifted their focus from people from the colonies of another race (but at least speaking the language and adapted in some ways), to the increased group of Muslim migrants, increasing in number.

This cultural friction is maybe lamentable, but to a degree universal, as such frictions are also found in mixed American and Caribbean societies, e.g. Guyana. There is then only no connection to "sacred" patriotism for the country, where one’s ancestors are after all not even from, but is more a matter of cultural frictions or irritations.

Reggae lyrics therefore also address the dominant influence of Chinese finance in Jamaica (Kabaka Pyramid in the song Well Done, or Vybz Kartel’s Poor People Land), partly in line with tourism promotion, sideling the local population, benefitting thus less from tourism. Kabaka Pyramid states that politicians “sell out the country” Jamaica, for their own gain.

This happens also in parts of Africa, along with neocolonialism trough the banking system (IMF), seemingly rendering repatriation to Africa as an idealistic, yet unrealistic daydream.

In a very recent song (late 2025), Kabaka Pyramid has a quite positive song about Jamaica as “sweet”, even stating as nowhere better, and its culture.

ONE’S GEOGRAPHICAL ROOTS

One - maybe - can “feel at home” in places where one’s (geographical) roots are not, especially when among one’s own people and family. The lack of a deeper connection need not to inhibit happiness.. or does it?

One may be satisfied somewhere else in the world, even a place nothing to do with their family, yet sense on occasion a lack of purpose, or “tranquility” and “security”. For that reason, most people when arriving in places where their roots lie – especially the first time – tend to sense stronger emotions than they thought, which some even describe as a combination of goose-bumps and tears. Migrants know how this feels, when returning to their native countries.

I recall from my youth that when once driving to our Spanish family for holidays - from the Netherlands where we lived -, my Spanish mother was reading or sleepy when driving through France, in the back of the car my Italian father drove, but that my mother started singing merrily when she knew we crossed the Spanish border. I found that funny – knowing how she was - , but my father mumbled something like “too proud and patriotic, always, those Spaniards”.

I had, however, similar feelings when arriving in Spain after some time, in different epochs of my life: recognizing accents, looks, names, knowing my ancestors lived there, gave me a special feeling of “calm”. I missed that growing up in the Netherlands. Afro-Americans – even mixed-raced ones - visiting for the first time Africa, have that even stronger, often with overwhelming yet satisfying emotions. There was after all a real trauma to resolve, based on slavery and forced displacement, lacking even the semi-voluntary aspect of migration.

One can be happy without that actual connection with one’s geographical roots, I imagine, yet to degrees, perhaps missing a dimension to make it perfect. On the other hand, humans have always travelled and migrated, so that is also humanity and fulfillment of another kind. Traveling, but then “back home” – or at least the promise of it , and totally by free will! - seems even more satisfying and consoling, as the Jamaican and Rastafari cases show. It helps heal the historical trauma.

Africa as home remains also in modern Roots Reggae lyrics, therefore. In some parts of Africa, the Islam is also quite dominantly present, or strict Christianity, not necessarily welcoming of a Rastafari people “influx” from the Caribbean. Luckily, some African countries, often heralded as “Zion”, and the main place of return for Rasta’s, like Ethiopia or even Ghana, have showed some tolerance for this migration, and do not know so much religious (Islamic or Christian) extremism, allowing tolerance. Ethiopia's Muslims tend to be relatively "mild" or moderate nowadays, some Ethiopian friends of mine told me.

Still: there are vested interests there, as shown in conflicts in Shashemane land in Ethiopia: a territory emperor Haile Selassie set aside for Africans in the diaspora for settlement, and a group of (Rastafari-adhering) Caribbean migrants indeed settled there. A land conflict with local Oromo people arose there, however, causing some tensions, as there were earlier with Ethiopian Communist and later governments, long (about 40 years!) even withholding Caribbean Rastafari-adherers in Shashamane recognition as national citizens, up to only about 8 years ago.

Still, repatriation as proposed within the Rastafari movement – and still in Reggae lyrics – is in theory not impossible, as the history of mankind shows, sometimes even led by leading “prodigal sons”, wishing to improve their country of origin, as a way to honor ancestors, in some way. It is by itself redemptive of the historical trauma, as I pointed out.

It is therein that I think that the “enduring wisdom” of Marcus Garvey’s “back to Africa” approach, inherited by Rastafari, lies.

IDENTITY

Elsewhere in the African Diaspora, - notably the US - fake, somewhat forced “identity politics” (rigid yet simplistic black-white distinction) has taken this place, with a less clear, often inherently contradictory direction. In Latin America however, African cultural and racial presence is as indicated more often “drowned” in a carnivalesque mix, which may seem pleasant or realistic, but is inherently infantilizing and patronizing as well, especially in less-democratic contexts. The goals seems all too clear to “depoliticize”, and defuse any rebellion.

On the plus side: the latter openness to local mixture makes all rigid, ancestral “national identity” relative and malleable, thereby allowing an open mind and flexibility, and avoiding parochial mindsets, rigid xenophobia or racial thinking, all too common elsewhere. This openness contributed to rich, and fascinating cultures in places like Brazil, Cuba, and elsewhere, including recognizable African retentions.

On the down side: one is more dependent on higher-placed others in a set location and on shaped conditions of inequality and poverty, for lacking another place of one’s own where one actually belongs, and the protection and consolation this provides. This is undeniably an existential need, that is then ignored and denied.

Interestingly, much Reggae expresses Rastafari views (repatriation, Afrocentricity, spirituality), along with serving as the “true, popular newspaper” of local conditions and problems, rather than the mainstream news in most countries, driven eventually by élite, upper-class interests, hidden or not.

Reggae lyrics seem to encompass both these spectrums (African roots and local conditions), in my opinion, even allowing a healthy “open doubting”, which makes one not only more “intellectual”, but I think also more fully human, “realer” as person. It also makes “art” – which includes music - more profound.

The latter might even have attributed to the international appeal of Reggae, since Bob Marley, who had deep lyrics about this, in simple language. Identifiable language and lyrics of a searching, spiritual individual, later found among many more Reggae artists, from Alton Ellis, to Culture, Burning Spear, Dennis Brown, Ijahman Levi, the Mighty Diamonds, Morgan Heritage, Luciano, Sizzla, Bushman, Buju Banton, and countless others. That spiritual searching can also be called “soul”.

Balafon story and AI

It was some time ago, in another stage in my life, that I walked into a – as I recall it – “third world-minded” shop in the town of Leyden in the Netherlands.

I did not live in Leyden, but it was so long ago (around 15 years ago?) that I do not even recall whether I lived in Amsterdam then already, or even still in my parental house in Nieuw Vennep: a village in the “busy” western Netherlands between Leyden and Amsterdam. I worked a period in Leyden, so it could be during a “break” at that job, during which I indeed used to walk through Leyden’s center with stores. The institute where I worked lacked an own “cantina”, dependent for that on university facilities.

One of my brothers also lived In Leyden, so it could otherwise be during a visit to him.

BALAFON FROM SENEGAL

Either way, I remember that in that store I was intrigued by a small balafon, with six bars/keys made of nice-looking brownish wood, tied with ropes in nice red, gold, and green colours, in sync with my other interests (Reggae, Rastafari). As in larger balafons, calabashes served as resonators.. for this small one two calabash gourds seemingly sufficed. I decided to buy it.

The total size was more than manageable: around 26 cm (10.2 inches) by 23 cm, and around 11 cm high.

Oddly enough I do not remember the “aftermath” of this purchase: did I come from my brother and bought that after my visit, on my way to Leyden’s train station? Did it fit well in my rucksack, I usually took along?

If during my job break.. did I keep it in my rucksack during final work hours, perhaps mentioned it to colleagues? I really can’t remember.

I do remember what I asked the man in (owning?) that shop – a seemingly middle-aged, greying Dutchman – : “where is that balafon from?”, I asked. “From Senegal”, he answered.

Strange how you, or at least I, often tend to remember “parts of events” , some “scenes” or “short conversations” instead of the whole event from beginning to end, a lot of it blurred to oblivion.

Anyway, after all those years, I still have that small balafon, as I am now living for over 20 years in Amsterdam, the Netherlands capital, a bigger city than Leyden, around 40 km Northeast of it. More spectacular, but perhaps less cozy or peaceful.

COMPOSITIONS

Though my house in Amsterdam has by now become similar to a “percussion museum”, with all the instruments I gathered over the years – more percussionists/percussion players I know have that – the balafon is more than a museum piece, as I regularly play (with) it - including sometimes brought it to jams to play live in clubs - , and used it in several of my recorded compositions, instrumental and vocal, often to add an African "feel”. The compositions I usually published on my YouTube channel.

This one was solely balafon-based:

On a recent song I released even “officially” for all main platforms (via TuneCore), called Truly Democratic, I used this balafon, as there was also a Djembe pattern in that song from Mali, bordering Senegal, where the balafon was from. Besides this nerdy “Mande African” connection, I also thought it fitted the overall sound and composition, moreover. It contrasted with high pitches the low-pitched djembe pattern.

Imagination running free and experimenting with sound are all very good in and for making music, but it’s good to remind ourselves that music develops within cultures, usually in communal/festive settings. The root and essence of “real” music remain more in that – communal culture -, than in the nowadays music recording, technical “blokes” who play around in a home studio, and have a computer with internet, in some Western city.

This cultural, "folk" roots is especially the case for traditional and acoustic instruments like the balafon, from traditional music in Western Africa.

Being since young an interest of mine, theoretically I knew something about Balafons – as African types of xylophones -, saw photos of it, and found out in what parts of Africa they were common.

I have a wider musical interest, including within African music, and at one point started to focus more on drum types, types of bells, and the balafon somewhat “drowned” in all this, and was sidelined..

Until.. some moments when I thought of a nice counterpoint to a drum (poly)rhythm in one of my compositions, and thought of the relatively high tones of my small balafon, creating a nice “overriding” melody.

Fun never done, in all creative freedom, but over all these years I still did not get to study more deeper the cultural heritage connected to the balafon, even if regularly recording with it.

Strange, because I over the years did study some drum types (African, Afro-Cuban), or other instruments I liked (the Udu vessel from Nigeria/Igboland, for instance).

So, time to fill these knowledge gaps about the Balafon.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

Wikipedia is almost inevitable as source, but nowadays you have also AI sources like ChapGPT or Grok, assembling information from other sources. Like a Google 2.0 or “Plus”, as it were.

Also an interesting way to test the worth of such AI sources.. predictably glorified by capitalist money sharks, but do we – as common folk – can have any lasting benefit of Artificial Intelligence?

I am weary of wider economic uses of AI, I admit, especially for “work replacement”: as “unquestioning following orders” is a wet dream of the wrong powerful people, those who like to dehumanize others for their benefit.

As a search engine I can see the value of AI, though.

WIKIPEDIA FIRST

Wikipedia – often quite reliable - gave some interesting information, also about the wider xylophone family. The term “balafon” is related to a language in the Mande-speaking areas of Western Africa, notably around Guinea, Mali, Senegal, and Eastward to Burkina Faso and Northern Ivory Coast. Beyond linguistic issues, similar xylophones are found elsewhere in Africa, with some differences in use, tuning, and construction, but often (not always) also with gourd/calabash resonators, Uganda (the Amadinda instrument), Mozambique, Zambia, are relatively a bit better known for balafon/xylophone traditions, but types of xylophones/balafons are found in several countries as yet unmentioned more, like Cameroon, Malawi, and Congo.

Interesting are the similarities and slight differences between these balafons and their use across Africa, the main shared characteristics being the playing style, with interlocking patterns of often a duo of players (with own differently tuned balafons often), and often calabash gourds as resonators. The keys are made of African hardwood – obviously – but rosewood seems the preferred type of wood, due to its strength and acoustic qualities. Rosewood is in recent times for these reasons, even starting to be used for the Spanish castanets in Spain (traditionally it was chestnut), and other, also more modern European/Western instruments.

SPIDERWEB SILK

Spiderweb silk strings are in balafons attached, with beewax, to the keys for a desired “buzzing” sound, preferred for most balafons in the Mande-speaking (”Guinea”) region, and other parts in West Africa (e.g. also for Cameroonian balafons/xylophones), but not in East Africa, lacking therefore much of that “buzzing” sound. According to my AI search in Ugandan xylophones banana fiber is instead sometimes used. In Zambia other “spider” products are used. Apparently, spiders as insects usually dwelled in gourds, triggering such use.

This is interesting, because it explains the sonic difference of the “bright” xylophones in East Africa (like Uganda), with the relatively more “buzzing” (spiderweb-silked) balafon sounds of Guinea or Mali.

OUTSIDE OF AFRICA

So, the continent of Africa has a rich balafon and xylophone tradition, but I also know of Asian xylophones, and Western ones. For instance, in the Netherlands, the xylophone is commonly used in basic music education at some schools, due to its seeming clarity.

Indonesian music I know often has traditionally some xylophones.

My, admittedly, small knowledge base, even more so outside of Africa, is however also a good starting point for AI searches. What I find most interesting – as a kind of “history buff” that I am – is the earliest origin of xylophones (wooden keys, tuned, played with sticks), and in what part of the world.

It turns out – as also Wikipedia describes – that the earliest xylophones were found in Southeast Asia, at least as early as 500 BC, in (indeed) Indonesia, but also mainland Southeast Asia (the Vietnam-Cambodia, and Thailand region).

Present-day xylophones in Thailand are known as “ranad” and also use calabash gourds as resonators as in Africa (with a resulting slight “nasal” sound), but without spiderweb silk, so less “buzzing”. Mostly bright sounds, therefore.

From Southeast Asia it spread to Africa via migrants, first via Madagascar, and explaining the strong presence in e.g. Mozambique. In Mozambique, the xylophones called “timbila’s” there, often played combined in orchestras, e.g. in the Chopi culture.

I further asked questions to AI about differences between African, Asian, and European xylophones, and was less surprised, as common notions about musical characteristics funnily seemed confirmed to me. Balafons in Africa were played with simultaneous polyrhythm and “interlocking” structures, often by various players at once, whereas the Indonesian or Thai xylophones fit in their more melodic cultures, though as I interestingly read: the Thai Tanad is equally used rhythmically (especially the lower notes), as, I cite from X’s AI searcher Grok: “In Thai music, the boundary between melody and rhythm is blurred, and the ranat family sits right in the middle of that overlap. They are essential for both defining the melodic line and driving the rhythmic pulse of the ensemble.”.

Another thing I did not know, although I of course used to focus more on African music, because of my love for rhythm and polyrhythm.

In Europe, the xylophone appeared much later, first in Bavaria (South Germany), in the Early 16th c., though steadily gaining a place in also orchestral music, and among classical composers like Camille Saint-Saëns, but also some pieces by e.g. Dmitri Shostakovich, Gustav Mahler, and others. Predictably, in European traditions, European music “harmony” laws applied, with a melodic and harmonic function first, and only a secondary rhythmic function.

To me, that made it not much different than guitars or piano’s, able to play the same melodies, only with a “wood-ringing” sound. Balafons intrigued me more, as I could fit it in my African-based compositions.

I was thus glad that I obtained that Senegalese, African balafon in that “exotic world stuff” store in Leyden – even if a small, six-key one: still nuff possibilities . I made good creative use of it, and so finding and acquiring it seemed "meant to be". Even if I don’t remember what I did the rest of that day or week..

I especially used it in “Mande Africa” referring compositions (such as my instrumental Bamako, named after Mali’s capital), as fitting its Senegalese origin.

Beyond that, however, I used my small balafon quite often in other African-influenced instrumentals (such as my vocal Soukous song Osilisi) I made, instrumental or not. The Congolese Soukous tends to have a driving, semi-rhythmic guitar, but I replaced that with a similar high, “bright” sound of the balafon.

I call some of my instrumentals “percussion instrumentals”, due to their main focus, but the balafon at times added some melody to such mainly rhythmic compositions of mine. I guess I also liked the “high” counterpoint to drum beats or lower bells.

I used it on some Reggae songs I made too (on Truly Democratic, for instance, as I said).

Enough about my own compositions for now, though. If interested, you can search on “Michel Conci” and Balafon (on YouTube), as for my percussion instrumentals, I tended to give instrument names in the Info text.

TOWARDS A CONCLUSION

In conclusion, I will focus on my knowledge, though, about the balafon/xylophone. I learned, now by searching through that modern “aid”(?) Artificial Intelligence, added to Google, Wikipedia, or some books I might have. Long overdue, in this year 2025, after having used my small balafons already in many of my (published!) compositions.

I did not really realize that the origins of the xylophone are in SouthEast Asia (back to BC), after that soon travelling to Africa, where it developed independently, according to own musical cultures. After all, many instruments travel: the South Spanish guitar (with Persian-Moorish antecedents), and its offshoots (e.g. the electric guitar) are best known, but also the (North Italian) violin, the Belgian-invented saxophone, the originally New Orleans/Jazz “drum kit” with cymbals, the Armenian-Turkish “cymbals” themselves, and in other posts on this blog I related how the Accordion and Harmonica (whether we want to, or not) originated in Germany.

This SE Asia to Africa migration is however another route than the usual “Western colonial” route, ending up influencing pop and Rock, only because Europeans or the US once could impose (or milder “bring”) their culture to e.g. to the Americas, or the whole world.

All these instruments are used in different ways in different cultures, adding the “soul” beyond mere material/technical aspects, the human creativity and natural playfulness, working out in different ways, within folk cultures.

Thus, the harmonica got used commonly in Blues, guitars rhythmically in Caribbean and African genres, according to African or African-derived norms, either “swing” based (as in Jazz or Blues, partly Reggae), or “straight rhythm”-based (as in e.g. Cuba, south Nigeria, and the Congo).

In the case of the xylophone, though, Europe had – for a welcome change – little to do with the spread from Southeast Asia to Africa: just from the people to the people, each in their own way. The xylophone has been unknown in European traditional music.

Or was it not?

TXALAPARTA

There is perhaps an exception in the Basque Txalaparta instrument, in Northern Spain, SW France. For all intents and purposes, this traditional Basque instruments is a “xylophone”. It consists of several wooden boards (often larger one, and around 6 or 8), differently tuned (though not very precise), and played with twos sticks, usually by two people.

Since some Basque traditions are very old (and some adapted influences from later), this Txalaparta-playing might well predate the arrival of the then “exotic” Xylophone in Germany, in the 16th c..

Even more interestingly, the type of playing has some commonalities with Balafon playing in Africa. “Without knowing it” a Basque musicologist assured (cultural colonial appropriation occurred often, after all, like the English “tea drinking”). Even polyrhythm and call-and –response patterns are shared between Basque Txalaparta and many African balafon traditions, and an overall rhythmic focus, perhaps unusual in wider Europe. The pentatonic scale is likewise – as in Africa – often used.

Only, traditionally no gourds are used as resonators among the Basques (traditionally ,anyway), and rhythmic structures on the Txalaparta are a bit different, less corporal and “hip-oriented”.

Musicologists relate these similarities to an older Neolithic origin, predating the arrival of later Indo-European peoples to Europe (the Basque speak an old, pre-Indo-European language), thus conserving some ancient polyrhythm aspects. Basque music, though, has quite some similarities with Celtic music (in NW Spain, Ireland, and elsewhere), also preserving older aspects, even if Celts result from mixtures with alter Indo-European migrants.

Genetically, the Basques have an ancient European origin (partly shared with some Celts), with hardly a connection to African roots. Even the Moorish period in Spain did not affect the Basques as much as other Spaniards. While also genetically, other Spaniards have overall more “Mediterranean” and “North African” DNA admixture, especially more to the South, so it’s not a “lost African tribe” in Spain, but, probably, shared human developments across the world, and similar inventions, causing the commonalities between Txalaparta and Balafon playing.

Humanity worldwide has as much similarities as differences, and the Basque Txalaparta had – broadly speaking - more or less the same functions (rhythmically) as African Balafons, and also a communal function, but a different one. In Basque culture, the Txalaparta was associated with “cider-making”, or other gatherings. A different climate zone as well, as the wood in Txalaparta tended long to be “chestnut” wood (later metal, recently also rosewood, because of international influences)..

Still.. a type of (wooden) xylophone, played for rhythmic and communal functions, is what the Basque Txalaparta shares with the African Balafons.

The mentioned “spiderweb silk” used in Africa to add a “buzz” to the sound of beaten keys is traditionally also absent from the Txalaparta, as are as said the calabash gourds. The latter is African.

Another thing I did not really know or realize. My small (Senegalese) balafon does not seem to have a strong “buzz”: it sounds bright and nasal (the calabash gourd effect), so I don’t think it has that added spiderweb silk and beewax.

I am not quite sure, and it is hard to check, without dismantling my Balafon too much.

I find it either way qua sound nice enough for compositions, adding a high-pitched, bright “ukulele”-like sound, but warmer, more African.

FINAL CONCLUSION

Now I learned more about the Balafon (I myself used in compositions), that I did not even know, and share this with readers of this post. In some artistic - or perhaps more: “cultural” or “spiritual” - sense I found this knowledge to be useful for me.

AI served me well in this case. I was surprised by the well-written summaries of AI answers to my question: in well-structured “human language” texts. This made me doubt if AI really did not involve human beings, or is there a bunch of writers/editors working behind the screen hired? Really all by machines and artificial?

It certainly added value to what I knew as search engines (like Google), and driven by our own curious questions, AI as an extended search engine could serve all humanity, rich or poor. Information gathering, extending our knowledge.

Rich capitalists, exploiters, money sharks, and even governments, want to go beyond this, I am afraid, drewling at “robot-creating” possibilities, for efficient (read: more profitable) production, creating the “robots” they always wanted, and first tried to make out of us humans. That would be less positive.

As a search engine, Artificial Intelligence, is enough, if it was up to me.

I worked in Leyden until around 2013 (for over 12 years), and went to Leyden a few times since.

Already in the later years after buying the Balafon in that store (near Leyden’;s central, wide Breestraat), I noticed the store had disappeared, noticing this unfortunately during one of my “break walks” in between my intensive “nose in books” library job at the KITLV institute I worked then. “What a pity”, I thought.

Yet, it is in this haphazard way, by chance, even in temporary stalls or stores, I bought many of my especially smaller percussion instruments, over the years.

A nice shaker with Marcus Garvey and pan-African colours on it (I also still use), I bought from a nice, dark-skinned Rastaman at a Cannabis Liberation festival in Amsterdam’s Westerpark, around 2003.

For a period, that typically Amsterdam (the “cool” side of Amsterdam, let’s say), and hippy-vibed festival was held, but stopped some years ago, as cannabis seemed liberated enough?

Other instruments I bought in other “fair trade” shops in the Netherlands, in other stalls in music/Reggae festivals (with e.g. African items) in Amsterdam, Spain, or elsewhere.

That makes my percussion collection all the more unique and personal. It’s not a common “one-big-music-shop” –thing, therefore showing more of original acoustic cultures. My balafon from Senegal is certainly part of that.